Table 2 Theoretical dimensions of the assessment framework

Mobility service

This dimension refers to the qualities that are expected from mobility services.

The primary task of a mobility platform is to offer mobility services to citizens and thus safeguard people’s life opportunities and participation in society (see Martens 2017). Therefore, we have formulated mobility service as a dimension to group the public values that refer to this.

Substantive, service-oriented values

Public values that are specific to the mobility sector and concern mobility-specific targets (see De Bruijn and Dicke 2006; Bannister and Connolly 2014; De Graaf et al. 2016; Ingrams 2019).

Well-being

This dimension refers to societal goals, whose achievement is influenced by the short-term impact of mobility practices.

‘Health and well-being’ named as an unanticipated implication of MaaS projects by Pangbourne et al. (2020).

Substantive, socially oriented values

Public values that refer to broader societal goals and are concerned with the impact of mobility on broader societal goals in the short term (see De Bruijn and Dicke 2006; Bannister and Connolly 2014;

De Graaf et al. 2016;

Ingrams 2019).

Climate impact

This dimension refers to environmental goals, whose achievement is influenced by the long-term impact of mobility practices.

‘Environment’ named as an unanticipated implication of MaaS projects by Pangbourne et al. (2020).

Substantive, socially oriented values

Public values that refer to broader societal goals and are concerned with the impact of mobility on broader societal goals in the long term (see De Bruijn and Dicke 2006; Bannister and Connolly 2014;

De Graaf et al. 2016;

Ingrams 2019).

Democratic control

This dimension refers to the procedures and standards actors have to comply with while safeguarding substantive values.

Van Dijck et al. (2018) refer to democratic control as a highly contested public value, we use the term as dimension, to cover a range of public values.

Procedural values

Public values that define how the procedures and actions to provide mobility services should be conducted (see Jørgensen and Bozeman 2007;

De Bruijn and Dicke 2006; De Graaf et al. 2016).