Table 1 Conceptual framework for urban transformative capacity components (source: Wolfram 2016)

C1 Inclusive and multiform urban governance

C1.1 Participation and inclusiveness

C1.2 Diverse governance modes and network forms

C1.3 Sustained intermediaries and hybridization

C2 Transformative leadership (in the public, private and civil society sectors)

C3 Empowered and autonomous communities of practice (place-based and/or issue-driven)

C3.1 Addressing social needs and motives

C3.2 Community empowerment and autonomy

C4 System(s) awareness and memory

C4.1 Baseline analysis and system(s) awareness

C4.2 Recognition of path dependencies

C5 Urban sustainability foresight

C5.1 Diversity and transdisciplinary co-production of knowledge

C5.2 Collective vision for radical sustainability changes

C5.3 Alternative scenarios and future pathways

C6 Diverse community-based experimentation with disruptive solutions

C7 Innovation embedding and coupling

C7.1 Access to resources for capacity development

C7.2 Planning and mainstreaming transformative action

C7.3 Reflexive and supportive regulatory frameworks

C8 Reflexivity and social learning

C9 Working across human agency levels

C10 Working across political-administrative levels and geographical scales