Table 6 Differences in governance and intermediaries' roles

• City had a positive national profile and reputation because of its “sustainable city” awards (from ASEAN)

• Local administration (municipality) empowered and relatively autonomous

• Increasing number of active intermediaries brokering solutions

• Key governance actors were open and more receptive to intermediaries

• Politically sensitive city due to high level of foreign investment and reputational concerns with the ‘over run’ of investment

• Top-down governance from the national level with decision-making control

• Intermediaries have found it difficult to become trusted partners

• Recent shift in enabling environment

• Some intermediaries were starting to broker knowledge and form coalitions